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Linux, Fedora and Proxmox

Package, service and log management on Fedora/RHEL (dnf, systemd), common system tools, and the Proxmox VE command line for VMs, containers, backups and the cluster.

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    Most commands need root (sudo). On Proxmox, a wrong move with qm, pct or pvecm can interrupt virtual machines: test on a test node or VM first.

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    • dnf install / remove / update

      dnf install <package> | dnf remove <package> | dnf upgrade --refresh

      Installs, removes and updates packages (Fedora, RHEL 8+, AlmaLinux, Rocky).

      sudo dnf install htop
sudo dnf upgrade --refresh
sudo dnf remove httpd
sudo dnf autoremove

    • dnf search · info · provides

      dnf search <word> | dnf info <package> | dnf provides <file>

      Finds a package, its details, or the package that provides a file.

      dnf search nginx
dnf info nginx
dnf provides */bin/dig
dnf repoquery --requires nginx

    • dnf history

      dnf history [list|info|undo|rollback] <id>

      dnf transaction log, with the ability to undo.

      dnf history list
dnf history info 42
sudo dnf history undo 42

    • rpm -qa · rpm -qf

      rpm -qa | rpm -qf <file> | rpm -V <package>

      Queries the RPM database: installed packages, owner of a file, integrity check.

      rpm -qa | grep kernel
rpm -qf /usr/bin/dig
rpm -V openssh-server

    • systemctl

      systemctl [start|stop|restart|status|enable|disable] <service>

      Controls systemd services.

      systemctl status sshd
sudo systemctl enable --now nginx
sudo systemctl restart nginx
systemctl list-units --type=service --state=failed
systemctl list-unit-files --state=enabled

    • journalctl

      journalctl [-u <service>] [-f] [-b] [--since <date>] [-p <level>]

      Reads the systemd journal.

      journalctl -u sshd -n 50 --no-pager
journalctl -f -u nginx
journalctl -b -p err
journalctl --since '1 hour ago'
sudo journalctl --vacuum-size=500M

    • systemctl edit · systemd-analyze

      systemctl edit <service> | systemd-analyze blame

      Overrides a service without touching the original file, and analyzes boot time.

      sudo systemctl edit nginx
systemd-analyze blame | head
systemd-analyze critical-chain

    • df · du · lsblk

      df -h | du -sh <path> | lsblk -f

      Disk space, folder sizes and disk layout.

      df -hT
du -h --max-depth=1 /var | sort -h
lsblk -f
findmnt

    • LVM : pvs · vgs · lvs · lvextend

      lvextend -r -L +<size> <vg>/<lv>

      Shows LVM state and grows a logical volume together with its file system.

      sudo pvs; sudo vgs; sudo lvs
sudo lvextend -r -L +10G /dev/fedora/root
sudo lvextend -r -l +100%FREE /dev/mapper/vg-data

    • ssh · scp · rsync

      ssh <user>@<host> | scp <src> <dest> | rsync -avz <src> <dest>

      Remote login and file copies.

      ssh -p 2222 admin@serveur
ssh-copy-id admin@serveur
rsync -avz --progress --delete /donnees/ admin@serveur:/sauvegarde/
rsync -avzn /donnees/ serveur:/sauvegarde/

    • top · htop · ps · free

      top | htop | ps aux --sort=-%mem | free -h

      Load, processes and memory.

      ps aux --sort=-%cpu | head
free -h
uptime
vmstat 1 5

    • firewall-cmd

      firewall-cmd [--permanent] --add-service=<service> | --add-port=<port>/tcp

      Manages firewalld (Fedora, RHEL).

      sudo firewall-cmd --list-all
sudo firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=https
sudo firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=8080/tcp
sudo firewall-cmd --reload

    • SELinux : getenforce · setsebool · restorecon · ausearch

      getenforce | setsebool -P <boolean> on | restorecon -Rv <path>

      SELinux state, booleans and restoring file contexts.

      getenforce
sudo ausearch -m avc -ts recent
sudo restorecon -Rv /var/www
sudo setsebool -P httpd_can_network_connect on

    • qm list · qm status

      qm list | qm status <vmid>

      Lists the node's virtual machines and shows their state.

      qm list
qm status 100 --verbose
qm config 100

    • qm start · shutdown · stop · reset

      qm start|shutdown|stop|reset|suspend|resume <vmid>

      Starts, cleanly stops or abruptly cuts a VM.

      qm start 100
qm shutdown 100 --timeout 120
qm stop 100
qm reset 100

    • qm unlock

      qm unlock <vmid>

      Removes the lock on a VM left stuck after an interrupted backup, clone or migration.

      qm unlock 100
qm config 100 | grep lock

    • qm clone · template · migrate

      qm clone <vmid> <newid> --name <name> --full | qm template <vmid> | qm migrate <vmid> <node>

      Clones a VM or template, converts to a template, migrates to another node.

      qm clone 9000 120 --name web01 --full
qm template 9000
qm migrate 100 pve2 --online

    • qm set · qm resize

      qm set <vmid> --<option> <value> | qm resize <vmid> <disk> +<size>

      Changes a VM's configuration or grows a disk.

      qm set 100 --memory 4096 --cores 2
qm set 100 --agent enabled=1
qm resize 100 scsi0 +20G

    • qm snapshot · rollback

      qm snapshot <vmid> <name> | qm rollback <vmid> <name> | qm delsnapshot <vmid> <name>

      Creates, restores or deletes a VM snapshot.

      qm snapshot 100 avant-maj --description 'Avant mise à jour'
qm listsnapshot 100
qm rollback 100 avant-maj

    • pct list · status · start

      pct list | pct status <ctid> | pct start|shutdown|stop <ctid>

      Lists and controls Proxmox LXC containers.

      pct list
pct start 200
pct shutdown 200
pct config 200

    • pct enter · exec · push · pull

      pct enter <ctid> | pct exec <ctid> -- <command> | pct push <ctid> <src> <dest>

      Opens a shell in a container, runs a command in it or copies files into it.

      pct enter 200
pct exec 200 -- apt update
pct push 200 /root/config.conf /etc/app/config.conf
pct pull 200 /var/log/syslog /tmp/syslog

    • pct create · resize · set

      pct create <ctid> <template> --hostname <name> ... | pct resize <ctid> rootfs +<size>

      Creates a container from a template, or changes its resources.

      pveam update && pveam available --section system | head
pct create 200 local:vztmpl/debian-12-standard_12.7-1_amd64.tar.zst --hostname web --memory 1024 --net0 name=eth0,bridge=vmbr0,ip=dhcp --storage local-lvm
pct set 200 --memory 2048 --cores 2
pct resize 200 rootfs +4G

    • pvesh get · create

      pvesh get <API path> [--output-format json]

      Calls the Proxmox REST API from the command line.

      pvesh get /cluster/resources --type vm
pvesh get /nodes/pve1/status
pvesh get /nodes/pve1/qemu/100/config --output-format json-pretty
pvesh ls /nodes

    • vzdump

      vzdump <vmid> [--storage <storage>] [--mode snapshot|suspend|stop] [--compress zstd]

      Backs up a VM or container.

      vzdump 100 --storage backup --mode snapshot --compress zstd
vzdump --all --storage backup --mailto admin@contoso.com

    • qmrestore · pct restore

      qmrestore <archive> <vmid> [--storage <storage>] | pct restore <ctid> <archive>

      Restores a VM or container from a vzdump backup.

      qmrestore /mnt/backup/dump/vzdump-qemu-100-2026_10_13-02_00_01.vma.zst 100 --storage local-lvm
pct restore 200 /mnt/backup/dump/vzdump-lxc-200-2026_10_13-02_00_01.tar.zst --storage local-lvm

    • pvecm status · nodes

      pvecm status | pvecm nodes | pvecm expected <n>

      State of the Proxmox cluster and quorum.

      pvecm status
pvecm nodes
pvecm expected 1

    • pveversion · pveam · pvesm

      pveversion -v | pveam update | pvesm status

      Installed versions, container templates and storages.

      pveversion -v
pvesm status
pveam update && pveam available --section system

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